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NEW QUESTION # 46
The figure shows an incomplete VXLAN packet format.
Which of the following positions should the VXLAN header be inserted into so that the packet format is complete?
Answer: A
Explanation:
VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN) is a tunneling protocol that encapsulates Layer 2 Ethernet frames within UDP packets to extend VLANs across Layer 3 networks, commonly used in Huawei's CloudFabric data center solutions. The provided figure illustrates an incomplete VXLAN packet format with the following sequence:
Outer Ethernet Header (Position 1): Encapsulates the packet for transport over the physical network.
Outer IP Header (Position 2): Defines the source and destination IP addresses for the tunnel endpoints.
UDP Header (Position 3): Carries the VXLAN traffic over UDP port 4789.
Inner Ethernet Header (Position 4): The original Layer 2 frame from the VM or endpoint.
Inner IP Header (Position 5): The original IP header of the encapsulated payload.
Payload (Position 6): The data being transported.
The VXLAN header, which includes a 24-bit VXLAN Network Identifier (VNI) to identify the virtual network, must be inserted to complete the encapsulation. In a standard VXLAN packet format:
The VXLAN header follows the UDP header and precedes the inner Ethernet header. This is because the VXLAN header is part of the encapsulation layer, providing the VNI to map the inner frame to the correct overlay network.
The sequence is: Outer Ethernet Header → Outer IP Header → UDP Header → VXLAN Header → Inner Ethernet Header → Inner IP Header → Payload.
In the figure, the positions are numbered as follows:
1: Outer Ethernet Header
2: Outer IP Header
3: UDP Header
4: Inner Ethernet Header
The VXLAN header should be inserted after the UDP header (Position 3) and before the Inner Ethernet Header (Position 4). However, the question asks for the position where the VXLAN header should be "inserted into," implying the point of insertion relative to the existing headers. Since the inner Ethernet header (Position 4) is where the encapsulated data begins, the VXLAN header must be placed just before it, which corresponds to inserting it at the transition from the UDP header to the inner headers. Thus, the correct position is D (2) if interpreted as the logical insertion point after the UDP header, but based on the numbering, it aligns with the need to place it before Position 4. Correcting for the figure's intent, the VXLAN header insertion logically occurs at the boundary before Position 4, but the options suggest a mislabeling. Given standard VXLAN documentation, the VXLAN header follows UDP (Position 3), and the closest insertion point before the inner headers is misinterpreted in numbering. Re-evaluating the figure, Position 2 (after Outer IP Header) is incorrect, and Position 3 (after UDP) is not listed separately. The correct technical insertion is after UDP, but the best fit per options is D (2) as a misnumbered reference to the UDP-to-inner transition. However, standard correction yields after UDP (not directly an option), but strictly, it's after 3. Given options, D (2) is the intended answer based on misaligned numbering.
Corrected answer: After re-evaluating the standard VXLAN packet structure and the figure's
NEW QUESTION # 47
Which of the following is not included in the physical architecture of a server?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The physical architecture of a server refers to the tangible and low-level components that constitute the server itself, distinct from logical or software layers. Let's evaluate each option:
A . Application: Applications are software running on top of an operating system or virtual machine, not part of the server's physical architecture. They belong to the logical or user layer, not the physical structure. Not Included.
B . VMmonitor (Hypervisor): Assuming "VMmonitor" refers to a hypervisor (e.g., KVM or Xen), it's a software layer, but in Type-1 hypervisor scenarios, it runs directly on hardware, managing VMs. In Huawei's context, it's considered part of the server's operational architecture when deployed physically. Included.
C . OS (Operating System): The OS (e.g., Linux, Windows) runs directly on server hardware or within a VM. In bare-metal servers, it's a core component of the physical deployment. Included.
D . Hardware: Hardware (e.g., CPU, RAM, NICs, disks) is the foundational physical architecture of a server, providing the physical resources for all operations. Included.
Thus, A (Application) is not part of the physical architecture, as it's a higher-level software entity, not a physical component.
NEW QUESTION # 48
To allow access to a VXLAN network, you need to configure service access points on devices. There are two access modes: Layer ? sub-interface and binding. (Enter the acronym in uppercase letters.)
Answer:
Explanation:
3
Explanation:
VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN) is a network overlay technology that extends Layer 2 networks over a Layer 3 underlay, commonly implemented in Huawei's CloudFabric data center solutions. To enable access to a VXLAN network, service access points (e.g., interfaces or sub-interfaces) must be configured on devices such as switches or routers acting as VXLAN Tunnel Endpoints (VTEPs). The question mentions two access modes: "Layer ? sub-interface" and "binding," with the task to fill in the layer acronym in uppercase letters.
Context Analysis: The missing layer is indicated by a "?" and is part of a sub-interface configuration. In networking, sub-interfaces are typically associated with Layer 3 (e.g., for VLAN tagging or VXLAN integration), where they handle IP routing or mapping to overlay networks.
Access Modes:
Layer 3 Sub-Interface: This mode involves configuring a sub-interface on a Layer 3 device (e.g., a router or Layer 3 switch) to terminate VXLAN tunnels and perform routing. The sub-interface is associated with a VNI (VXLAN Network Identifier) and often uses a Layer 3 protocol (e.g., BGP EVPN) to connect to the VXLAN overlay.
Binding: This likely refers to binding a VNI to a Bridge Domain (BD) or interface, a common practice in Huawei's VXLAN configuration to map the overlay network to a physical or logical port. This can occur at Layer 2 or Layer 3, but the sub-interface context suggests Layer 3 involvement.
The question's structure implies the layer number for the sub-interface mode, which is Layer 3 in VXLAN contexts for routing and gateway functions. Thus, the acronym (digit) to enter is 3.
NEW QUESTION # 49
Which of the following technologies are Layer 4 load balancing technologies? (Select All that Apply)
Answer: A,B,D
Explanation:
Layer 4 load balancing operates at the transport layer (OSI Layer 4), using TCP/UDP protocols to distribute traffic based on information like IP addresses and port numbers, without inspecting the application-layer content (Layer 7). Let's evaluate each option:
A . Nginx: Nginx is a versatile web server and reverse proxy that supports both Layer 4 and Layer 7 load balancing. In its Layer 4 mode (e.g., with the stream module), it balances TCP/UDP traffic, making it a Layer 4 load balancing technology. This is widely used in Huawei's CloudFabric DCN solutions for traffic distribution. TRUE.
B . PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol): PPP is a Layer 2 protocol used for establishing direct connections between two nodes, typically in WAN scenarios (e.g., dial-up or VPNs). It does not perform load balancing at Layer 4 or any layer, as it's a point-to-point encapsulation protocol. FALSE.
C . LVS (Linux Virtual Server): LVS is a high-performance, open-source load balancing solution integrated into the Linux kernel. It operates at Layer 4, using techniques like NAT, IP tunneling, or direct routing to distribute TCP/UDP traffic across backend servers. It's a core Layer 4 technology in enterprise DCNs. TRUE.
D . HAProxy: HAProxy is a high-availability load balancer that supports both Layer 4 (TCP mode) and Layer 7 (HTTP mode). In TCP mode, it balances traffic based on Layer 4 attributes, making it a Layer 4 load balancing technology. It's commonly deployed in Huawei DCN environments. TRUE.
Thus, A (Nginx), C (LVS), and D (HAProxy) are Layer 4 load balancing technologies. PPP is not.
NEW QUESTION # 50
Which of the following statements is false about the routing design for the underlay network during DCN deployment?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The underlay network in Huawei's DCNs (e.g., CloudFabric) uses routing protocols like OSPF or BGP. Let's evaluate each statement:
A . OSPF is recommended for small and midsize DCNs, and EBGP is recommended for large and midsize networks: This is true. OSPF suits smaller networks (<300 switches), while EBGP is better for large networks (>300 switches) due to scalability. TRUE.
B . When OSPF is used on the underlay network, only single-area OSPF can be deployed: This is false. Multi-area OSPF can be deployed to manage larger networks, reducing routing table size and improving stability, a common practice in Huawei DCNs. FALSE.
C . Compared with OSPF, EBGP involves fewer calculations and offers better scalability: This is true. EBGP's path-vector nature requires fewer computational resources than OSPF's link-state calculations and scales better with large topologies. TRUE.
D . When EBGP is used on the underlay network, each group of active-active leaf nodes is deployed in an AS: This is true. In EBGP designs, active-active leaf nodes (e.g., M-LAG) are typically in the same Autonomous System (AS) to simplify routing, using iBGP or route reflectors. TRUE.
Thus, B is the false statement because multi-area OSPF is supported, not just single-area.
NEW QUESTION # 51
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